The shape of spectatorship. Art, science, and early cinema in Germany.

"Focusing on the nontheatrical use of motion picture technology in Germany between the 1890s and World War I....Staging a brilliant collision between the moving image and scientific or medical observation, visual instruction, and aesthetic contemplation, The Shape of Spectatorship showcases early cinema's revolutionary impact on society and culture and the challenges the new medium placed on ways of seeing and learning" (publisher). Chapter 2: "Between observation and spectatorship: Medicine, movies, and mass culture."