BILLINGHAM, Rupert Everett (1921 – 2002)

1951 CE

#13595

The technique of free skin grafting in mammals.

This "paper facilitated the later discovery of `actively acquired tolerance' and the definition of the principal laws of transplantation tolerance. Thus, it was in a series of classic experiments (stemming from this J…

1953 CE

#2578.11

‘Actively acquired tolerance’ of foreign cells.

Proof of Burnet and Fenner’s theory of immunity. For their discovery of acquired immunological tolerance Medawar and Burnet (No. 2578.7) shared the Nobel Prize in 1960.

1954 CE

#2578.12

Quantitative studies on tissue transplantation immunity. I. The survival times of skin homografts exchanged between members of different inbred strains of mice. II. The origin, strength and duration of actively and adoptively acquired immunity.

Experimental production of immunological tolerance by Billingham and colleagues.Paper II distinguished adoptive from passive immunization. E. M. Sparrow was a co-author of paper I.

1959 CE

#13526

Quantitative studies of tissue transplantation immunity. IV. Induction of tolerance in newborn mice and studies on the phenomenon of Runt Disease.

First description of what became known as Graft-versus-host disease (GvDH). This the authors initially called "graft against host (GAH)." The authors cited three conditions, later known as the Billingham criteria, whi…