Entry Nos. 600–699

1901 CE–1911 CE

#652

Fisiologia dell’uomo. 4 vols.

5th edition (5 vols.), 1919-21; English translation (5 vols.), London, 1911-21. Luciani was professor of physiology successively at Siena, Florence, and Rome.

1902 CE

#653

Untersuchungen zur Thermodynamik der bioelektrischen Ströme.

Bernstein’s studies on the nature of muscular contraction included the observation that changes in surface tension are a controlling factor in the development of the energy of muscular contraction.

1906 CE

#654

The dynamics of living matter.

1909 CE

#655

Définition expérimentale de l’excitabilité.

Lapicque first defined “chronaxia”, the duration of excitation of tissue. Partial translation in J. F. Fulton’s Selected readings in the history of physiology, 2nd ed., 1966, pp. 233-34.

1910 CE–1925 CE

#656

Handbuch der vergleichenden Physiologie. 4 vols.

Edited by Winterstein.

1913 CE

#657

Muscular work. A metabolic study.

1915 CE

#658

Principles of general physiology.

Bayliss’s book treats of general physiology from the physical chemical point of view. For some years it remained the most important book of its kind, and today is still of great value for its historical informat…

1920 CE

#659

The four phases of heat-production of muscle.

Hill and Hartree made valuable contributions to the knowledge of the thermodynamics of muscle. See also Physiol. Rev., 1922, 2, 310-41, and Hill, A. V., Trails and trials in physiology: a bibliography 1909-1964, 1965.…

1922 CE

#660

Correlation of basal metabolic rate with pulse rate and pulse pressure.

Read’s formula for computation of basal metabolic rate.

1924 CE

#661

Körperstellung.

A classic work on muscle tone and posture, a subject upon which Magnus spent many years of study. He demonstrated among other things that the labyrinth is the one sense organ entirely concerned with posture and equili…

1925 CE–1932 CE

#662

Handbuch der normalen und pathologischen Physiologie. Hrsg. von. A. Bethe, G. Bermann, etc. 18 vols.

1926 CE

#663

Muscular contraction and the reflex control of movement.

A detailed study of the physiology of skeletal muscle. A valuable historical introduction will be found on pp. 3-55, and the book includes an extensive bibliography.

1932 CE

#664

The wisdom of the body.

A discussion of the regulation of body fluids, hunger, thirst, temperature, oxygen supply, water, sugar, and proteins of the body, and the role of the sympathetic-adrenal mechanism.

1648 CE

#665

Ortus medicinae.

Helmont was one of the founders of biochemistry. He was the first to realize the physiological importance of ferments and gases, and indeed invented the word “gas”. He introduced the gravimetric idea in th…

1662 CE

#666

A defence of the doctrine touching the spring and weight of the air.

Boyle’s law. The above pamphlet was appended to the second edition of Boyle’s The spring and weight of the air, 1662. The relevant passage is reproduced inj. F. Fulton’s Selected readings in the hist…

1773 CE

#667

Observations sur l’urine humaine.

Discovery of urea, independently of Boerhaave. Rouelle isolated urea as the alcohol-soluble substance from urine. He was the first to present proof of the high nitrogen content of urea.

1776 CE

#668

Undersökning om blasestenen.

Discovery of uric acid. English translation in his Chemical Essays, London, 1786.

1823 CE

#669

Recherches chimiques sur les corps gras d’origine animale.

A classic study of animal fats. Chevreul discovered that fats are composed of fatty acids and glycerol.

1827 CE

#670

Nouvelles observations sur l’endosmose et l’exosmose.

The process by which water passes through a membrane from a solution on the one side to another solution on the other side has been known, since the classic work of Dutrochet, as “endosmosis” or “exo…

1828 CE

#671

Ueber künstliche Bildung des Harnstoffs.

The synthetic preparation of urea was the first occasion that an organic compound was built up from inorganic materials. Wöhler’s discovery led eventually to the brilliant results that have been achieved in…

1832 CE

#672

Neues eigenthümliches stickstoffhaltiges Princip, in Muskelfleisch gefunden.

Isolation of creatine from muscle.

1837 CE

#673

Ueber Knorpel und Knochen.

Isolation of chondrin and glutin.

1837 CE

#674

Vorlaüfige Mittheilung betreffend Versuche über die Weingährung und Fäulniss.

Proof that putrefaction is produced by living bodies. Independently of Cagniard-Latour, Schwann discovered the yeast cell. He is regarded as the founder of the germ theory of putrefaction and fermentation.

1838 CE

#675

Mémoire sur la fermentation vineuse.

The earliest demonstration of the true nature of yeast was made by Cagniard-Latour in 1836. All his work on the subject is summed up in this paper. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

1838 CE

#676

Action de l’acide hydrochlorique sur la protéine.

Mulder gave the name protéine (protein) to a substance which he believed to be the essential constituent of all organized bodies. Later, with Liebig, he found there was no such definite compound, but the work r…

1842 CE

#677

Die organische Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Physiologie und Pathologie.

First classification of the organic foodstuffs and the processes of nutrition. With this book Liebig introduced the concept of metabolism into physiology. English translation, London, 1842.

1842 CE

#678

Umwandlung der Benzoësäure in Hippursäure im lebenden Organismus.

Discovery that benzoic acid taken in with food is excreted in the urine as hippuric acid. (But see the footnote to p. 474 of Garrison’s History of medicine, 1929.)

1844 CE

#679

Notiz über eine neue Reaction auf Galle und Zucker.

Pettenkofer’s test for bile. Previously there had been no means of recognizing the presence of the bile salts.

1848 CE

#680

Quantitative Bestimmung des Zuckers im Harn.

Fehling’s test for sugar in the urine.

1848 CE

#681

Untersuchung der Ochsengalle.

1849 CE

#682

Ueber die endosmotischen Aequivalent und die endosmotische Theorie.

In this development of his theory of urinary secretion (see No. 1232) Ludwig made important observations on endosmosis.

1849 CE

#683

Sur un réactif propre aux composés protéiques.

Millon discovered a special reagent for proteids.

1853 CE

#684

Atlas der physiologischen Chemie.

1853 CE

#685

Ueber einige Harnstoffverbindungen und eine neue Methode zur Bestimmung von Kochsalz und Harnstoff im Ham.

Liebig’s method of estimating urea.

1854 CE

#686

On osmotic force.

Investigation of osmotic force; provided important information for the physiologists.

1857 CE

#687

On the immediate principles of human excrements in the healthy state.

First important publication on coprosterol as a product of excretion.

1861 CE

#688

Liquid diffusion applied to analysis.

Graham’s method of separating animal and other fluids by dialysis introduced the distinction between colloidal and crystalloid substances.

1863 CE

#690

Zur Kenntnis der zuckerbildenden Fermente.

Investigation of the sugar-forming ferments.

1867 CE

#692

Experimente zur Theorie der Zellenbildung und Endosmose.

Employing, for the first time, copper ferrocyanide as a semi-permeable membrane, Traube investigated osmosis and the permeability of membranes.

1868 CE

#693

Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Gallen-und Harnpigmente.

Jaffe discovered urobilin in the urine.

1871 CE

#694

Ueber das Vorkommen von Urobilin im Darminhalt.

Discovery of urobilin in the intestines.

1871 CE

#695

Ueber die chemische Zusammensetzung der Eiterzellen.

In 1869 Miescher discovered a substance which he termed nuclein (nucleoprotein), later shown to be the hereditary genetic material. He demonstrated it in pus cells. The discovery he first published in 1871. He was als…

1876 CE

#696

Die quantitative Spectralanalyse in ihrer Anwendung auf Physiologie, Physik, Chemie und Technologie.

Vierordt’s spectral analyses of hemoglobin, bile and urine were of great value. He studied the variations in the spectrum of oxyhemoglobin produced by different dilutions of this substance and was thus able to e…

1877 CE

#697

Ueber die Ausscheidung des Indicans unter physiologischen und pathologischen Verhältnissen.

Isolation of indican in the urine.

1877 CE

#698

Osmotische Untersuchungen.

The osmotic pressures of solutions were found by Pfeffer to be directly in proportion to the concentration of the solute and to the absolute temperature. English translation, 1895.

1877 CE

#699

Untersuchungen über die Wirkung der Säuren auf den thierischen Organismus.

1855 CE

#1995

De l’électrisation localisée et de son application à la physiologie, à la pathologie, et à la thérapeutique.

Duchenne classified the electrophysiology of the entire muscular system and summed up his findings in the above work. The application of his results to pathological conditions marks him as the founder of electrotherap…

1856 CE

#2079

Analyse physiologique des propriétés des systèmes musculaires et nerveux au moyen de curare.

Bernard paralysed motor nerve-endings with curare and demonstrated the independent excitability of muscle. He showed that curare acted by stopping the transmission of impulses from motor nerves to voluntary muscles.